Synopsis of the last few posts:
- song lyrics and maturation
- depression, misery, and suicidal tendencies
- cricket
- drunkenness
- astronomy.
Damn, I'm an eclectically talkative wench. This doesn't even take
my LiveJournal into account. The question is, do I have too much time on my hands?
It's been
days since I discoursed on historical matters, and today I'm studying for the history exam I have tomorrow afternoon. How do I do that? Don't ask me, I have no idea, so I'm just trying to get enough material into my head to cover sufficient probable essay topics to do well. Stress becomes me. Fairly random observation time.
These were unsettled times, problematical for the people living in them for a variety of reasons.
Decadence.
To some, Europe seemed to be descending into decadence, cultural and political. In the wake of the Industrial Revolution, the spread of literacy and education brought a rise in mass culture which led Europe's intellectuals to fear a decline in
high culture in the face of the growing
bourgeoisie. Similarly, the spread of democracy unsettled those who'd traditionally held power, because they were losing control to the masses - and didn't trust that the masses knew how to use it.
Coupled with the rise of nationalism (and militarism, especially before WWI), this was at the heart of the "crisis of modernity" which is the subject of the history course I'm doing. Fascism and communism both were reactions to this; both are responses to capitalism. Fascism unites people, provides drive and direction, and offers an alternative to democracy - fascism, it should be noted, arises and grows strong principally in nations where the democracy is weak. (For example, pre-war Italy and the Weimar Republic; also, to a certain extent, the French Third Republic. All of these governments were unstable.)
Fascism, World War II, and Whose Fault Was It Anyway
It was observed by one writer that many of the youth of Weimar Germany had no idea of, for example, the connection between work and food. They'd never had work - with one third of the population unemployed, this is no surprise - and food came from government agencies, grudgingly and in inadequate quantities. They had no sense of belonging to anything - not even their families, sometimes, since their fathers might well be absent, or have died in the First World War, and their mothers be preoccupied with trying to feed their families.
They had no purpose.
What did the National Socialists give them?
Purpose. Belonging. Camaraderie. Esprit de corps. A focus. Suddenly, their lives meant something.
Then take on the situation at the time; the Weimar Republic, "a republic without republicans", was never strong or stable. It never had a chance at all. The people blamed it for the signing of the Treaty of Versailles - the November Government and the November Criminals - and the intense economic misery and national shame Germany experienced. Hitler had a lot to offer. The Germans didn't support the democracy - there were cries for a more authoritarian regime, one that could give Germany itself strength and purpose.
Hitler promised that. Hitler promised to repudiate the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler promised economic recovery - and delivered.
Anti-semitism.
Discussion of Hitler brings us to this, of course. Though the Nazis were nasty to an awful lot of minority groups, the Jews are the ones that people tend to think of first.
The recurrence of anti-Semitism in European history is interesting, from an intellectual point of view; from a human point of view it's kind of horrifying, considering the awful things that have been done to Jews over the centuries. What's curious is that in the first half of the 20th century it had such a surge, and why.
A lot of it is carried over from medieval times. If you think about how things like fascism represented a revolt against modernism. against the Enlightenment values that had marked the end of the Middle Ages to begin with, then it's unsurprising that a certain measure of medieval 'tude should return. In the Middle Ages it was a dogma thing. Conveniently discarding such minor points as
Jesus was a Jew and remembering only that "the Jews killed Christ", it was easy to be anti-Jew on religious grounds.
Like everything, mind you, that had an economic basis. With Christians forbidden by the Church to be moneylenders and such, the financiers, bankers, and assorted rich-people-poor-people-hate tended to be Jewish, too. Now, everyone hates bank managers; if everyone identified bank managers with Jews, wouldn't everyone also be more inclined to hate Jews?
(The answer is yes. It shouldn't be, but it is.)
This Jewish-people-are-rich-parasites-sucking-the-money-out-of-the-deserving-poor element was also carried over to modern anti-Semitism. The anti-Semitic literature makes much of it without ever explaining it, they just assume it.
Then we have the fact of Jewish culture. Rightly or wrongly, the Jews have always been a group set apart within nations. It's not just religious, there are elements of cultural differentness; this means they're still seen as
Jewish, rather than German or French or Boogalonian. German Jews or French Jews or Boogalonian Jews, but still Jews. This means they can be seen as the resident aliens wherever they live. One German writer of about a hundred years ago made much of the fact that if a Dane, say, lived in Germany, within a couple of generations his descendants would be Germans with funny names; Jews could live there for 800 years and not be German, apparently.
This means that if you're looking for someone to hate, you even have examples all around you to focus on and hate with close attention. (Well, in most countries. In Australia there don't seem to be huge numbers of Jewish people, or maybe it's just that we don't notice; I can believe the numbers are small if only because I know just how recently it was that our oh-so-open-minded nation actually stopped holding Judaism against potential immigrants.)
Not only that, but there are Jews all over the world, therefore (because, of course, this kind of thinking gets paranoid) there's a
Conspiracy of International Jewry that's secretly plotting against all non-Jews.
Rae ponders: If there's been a conspiracy of International Jewry plotting to take over the world for the last few centuries, and they still haven't managed it yet, why the hell even care any more? Obviously they're not very good at it, after all...
Hitler - you all remember Hitler, he was in all the papers - genuinely believed in the conspiracy. The persecution of the Jews wasn't, to him, the persecution of innocents, it was a war on a terrifying enemy; a religious and ethnic group who could not be trusted, who were secretly plotting against the other peoples. (Yes, I am drawing parallels between Hitler's persecution of the Jews and the present attitude towards Islam. You noticed. Or didn't, hence this aside to point it out to you.)
Quoth the would-be painter: "The leader of genius must have the ability to make different opponents appear as if they belonged to one category." (Mein Kampf)
There's a keen insight into human psychology there.